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Basic Human Genetics

By Prof. Md. Niamat Ali   |   University of Kashmir
Learners enrolled: 1587
This course is designed to develop an appreciation for the groundwork carried out so far in order to gain an insight into mechanisms of human genetic diseases, relate to how it has been built on the numerous genetic studies carried out over decades to contribute to the understanding of relationship between genotype and phenotype. The time is poised for understanding human as a model organism. The course will also introduce the methods for whole genome analysis and the genome sequencing. 
Summary
Course Status : Ongoing
Course Type : Elective
Language for course content : English
Duration : 6 weeks
Category :
  • Biological Sciences & Bioengineering
Credit Points : 2
Level : Undergraduate
Start Date : 08 Jul 2024
End Date : 31 Oct 2024
Enrollment Ends : 31 Aug 2024
Exam Date : 14 Dec 2024 IST
Shift :

II

Note: This exam date is subject to change based on seat availability. You can check final exam date on your hall ticket.


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Course layout

WEEK 1st 
History of Human Genetics, Pedigree Analysis (Pedigree symbols and construction of pedigrees, inheritance pattern and risk assessment
Presentation of molecular genetic data in pedigrees)
Patterns of Inheritance for Monogenic Traits: 
Autosomal inheritance-dominant, recessive, sex-linked inheritance, sex-limited and sex- influenced traits and mitochondrial inheritance
Deviations from the basic pedigree patterns- nonpenetrance, variable expressivity, pleiotropy, late onset, dominance problems, anticipation, genetic heterogeneity and uniparental disomy. X-inactivation and dosage compensation
Mosaicism and chimerism, consanguinity and its effects, epigenetic modifications and imprinting

WEEK 2nd
Human Genome Project: History, organization and goals of human genome project.
Tools (Vectors- BAC, PAC, YAC and sequencing techniques) and approaches (Hierarchical and shotgun sequencing), outcomes ethical issues and applications in human diseases
Organization of the Human Genome: General features: Gene density, CpG islands, RNA-encoding genes. Gene clusters, diversity in size and organization of genes, types of repetitive DNA, pseudogenes, gene families
Endoreplication and amplification
 genetic markers and their applications

WEEK 3rd 
Human Cytogenetics Technique: Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH)
Human karyotype: 
Banding pattern and nomenclature (G and Q banding)
Common syndromes due to numerical chromosome changes
Common syndromes due to structural alterations(translocations,duplications,
deletions, microdeletion, fragile sites
Common chromosome abnormalities in cancer
Techniques for Genomics: DNA sequencing (Maxam-Gilbert and Sanger Method, introduction to NGS), DNA fingerprinting,

WEEK 4th 
Polymorphism screening (genotyping of SNPs )
Microsatellite markers, expression and proteome analysis.
Population Genetics: Genotypic and allelic frequencies, linkage disequilibrium, haplotype construction (two loci using SNPs and/or microsatellites)
Mapping Strategies: Physical maps (different types- restriction, cytogenetic maps, use of FISH in physical mapping, radiation hybrids and clone libraries in STS mapping) and genetic maps

WEEK 5th
Identification of Genetic Basis of Disease
Principles and strategies, positional and candidate gene approaches, positional- cloning approach (examples- HD, CFTR), concept of twin and adoption studies
Prenatal Diagnosis: Brief introduction, methods of prenatal diagnosis
Clinical Genetics: Inborn errors of metabolism and their genetic basis (example- phenylketonuria), genetic disorders of haemopoietic systems (examples- sickle cell anemia and thalassemia), 
Genetic basis of color blindness

WEEK 6th
Biosafety of human genetics:
Biosafety for human Health and Environment. Biosafety issues for using cloned genes in Medicine, Agriculture, Industry, and Ecoprotection. 
Gene Pollution, Biological Invasion, Risk and Safety Assessment from Genetically Engineered Organisms, Special Procedures for r-DNA based products, Biological Warfare, Biological Containment (BC) and Physical Containment (PC), 
CDC Biosafety levels, Biosafety in Clinical Laboratories and Biohazard Management
Bioethics of human genetics: 
Ethical Issues of the Human Genome Project, Code of Ethics in Medical/clinical laboratories. Ethical Issues of Xenotransplantation, 
Ethics involved in Embryonic and Adult Stem Cell Research, Ethics in Assisted Reproductive Technologies: animal and human cloning and Invitro fertilization, the element of Informed Consent

Books and references

1. Strachan and Read. Human Molecular Genetics.4th Edition. Garland Science, 2010. ISBN: 978-0815341499.
2. Cantor and Smith. Genomics, 2002, John Wiley and Sons, Inc. ISBN: 9780471599081.
3. J.N. Pasternak. An introduction to Human Molecular Genetics, 2nd Edition, Wiley-Liss, 2005. ISBN: 978-0-471-47426-5.
4. G.N. Wilson. Clinical Genetics: A short Course. Wiley-Liss, 2000. ISBN: 978-0471298069.
5. Vogel and Motulsky, Human Genetics: Problems and Approaches, 3rd Edition, Springer Verlag, 1997. ISBN: 978-3-540-37653-8.
6. T.A. Brown. Genomes, 2nd edition, Oxford: Wiley-Liss; 2002. ISBN-10: 0-471-25046-5.

Instructor bio

Prof. Md. Niamat Ali

University of Kashmir
Md. Niamat Ali is professor at Centre of Research for Development (CORD), Department of Environmental Science, P. G. Centre of Microbiology, University of Kashmir, and is also currently heading CORD. He has done B. Sc.: Zoology Honours and M. Sc.: Zoology (Specialization in Cytogenetics and Molecular Biology), from University of Burdwan, West Bengal, and his M. Phill. and Ph. D. is in Zoology (Specialization in Cytogenetics and Molecular Biology), from Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh. He has 24 years of teaching experience and over 28 years of research experience. His major research project includes Rashtriya Uchchatar Shiksha Abhiyan (RUSA); Ministry of Human Resource Development; Department of Higher Education, Government of India.

Course certificate

30 Marks will be allocated for Internal Assessment and 70 Marks will be allocated for end term proctored examination Securing 40% in both separately is mandatory to pass the course and get the Credit Certificate.


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