Week 1: Introduction to spectroscopy, Electromagnetic radiation (EMR) their features and Electromagnetic spectrum, Historical background of analytical spectroscopy. Absorption and emission spectroscopy, Principle of absorption and emission spectroscopy, Instrumentation, components and their working. Atomic spectroscopy: Atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS), History of AAS, Principle of AAS, Components of AAS.
Week 2: Component of atomic absorption and emission spectroscopy, Calibration curve and Interferences: Spectral and Non-spectral (Matrix, Chemical, and Ionization) interferences, Applications of Atomic absorption spectroscopy. Atomic emission spectroscopy, Principle, Heat source (automizer), Instrumentation of AES, Excitation Sources: Flame excitation, AC arc, DC arc, AC spark and Plasma excitation (ICP, DCP and MWP), Advantages and disadvantages.
Week 3: Introduction to Inductively coupled plasma source (ICP), Sample introduction, Plasma formation and appearance, Analyte atomization and ionization, ICP-AES instrumentation. Types of spectrometers: Sequential & Simultaneous Spectrometers (Slew Scan Spectrometers & multi-channel spectrometers), Sample preparation methods, Interferences & detection limits, Application of ICP, Problems.
Week 4: Introduction to molecular luminescence, Theory of fluorescence and phosphorescence, Jablonski diagram, Internal conversion, Intersystem crossing, Delayed fluorescence, Quenching, Emission and excitation spectra.
Week 5: Relationship between concentration and fluorescence intensity, Factors affecting, Working principle and instrumentation of fluorescence and phosphorescence, Quantum efficiency, Inner filter effect, Self-quenching, Reabsorption.
Week 6: Instruments for measuring fluorescence and phosphorescence, Methods of Fluorescence Measurement, Chemiluminescence, Fluorometric determination of inorganic and organic species, Application of molecular luminescence spectroscopy, Problems.
Week 7: Introduction, classification of chromatographic methods, Elution chromatography on columns, Migration rates of solutes: distribution constants, retention time and retention factor, selectivity factor.
Week 8: Zone broadening & column efficiency, van Deemeter equation, optimization of column performance, column resolution, effect of relative and selectivity factor on resolution, effect of resolution on retention time, variables that affect column performance, problems.
Week 9: Gas Chromatography: Principle, Instruments for gas liquid chromatography, mobile phase, sample injection, gas chromatographic columns, liquid phase and column selection, classification of stationary phase.
Week 10: Detectors: Flame ionization detector, thermal conductivity detector, Electron capture detector, thermionic detector, photoionization detector, atomic emission detector, mass-spectrometer detector and others, interpretation of gas chromatograms, temperature programming in GC, qualitative and quantitative analysis, problems.
Week 11: Liquid chromatographic methods, principle of HPLC, structural types of column packing, column efficiency in liquid chromatography, instrumentation, mobile phase, pumping systems, sample injection systems, liquid chromatographic columns.
Week 12: Detectors: Absorbance detectors, fluorescence detectors, refractive index detectors, electrochemical detectors, partition chromatography-column for bonded phase chromatography, normal phase & reversed phase chromatography, normal phase & reversed phase packing, method development in partition chromatography, column selection, mobile phase selection, application problems.
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